Introduction: Nepal passed a comprehensive tobacco control law in 2011. Tobacco control advocates successfully countered tobacco industry (TI) interference to force implementation of law.
Aims and Methods: Policy documents, news stories, and key informant interviews were triangulated and interpreted using the Policy Dystopia Model (PDM).
Results: The TI tried to block and weaken the law after Parliament passed it. Tobacco control advocates used litigation to force implementation of the law while the TI used litigation in an effort to block implementation. The TI argued that tobacco was socially and economically important, and used front groups to weaken the law. Tobacco control advocates mobilized the media, launched public awareness campaigns, educated the legislature, utilized lawsuits, and monitored TI activities to successfully counter TI opposition.
Conclusions: Both tobacco control advocates and the industry used the discursive and instrumental strategies described in the PDM. The model was helpful for understanding TI activities in Nepal and could be applied to other low- and middle-income countries. Civil society, with the help of international health groups, should continue to track TI interference and learn the lessons from other countries to proactively to counter it.
Implications: The PDM provides an effective framework to understand battles over implementation of a strong tobacco control law in Nepal, a low- and middle-income country. The TI applied discursive and instrumental strategies in Nepal in its efforts to weaken and delay the implementation of the law at every stage of implementation. It is important to continuously monitor TI activities and learn lessons from other countries, as the industry often employ the same strategies globally. Tobacco control advocates utilized domestic litigation, media advocacy, and engaged with legislators, politicians, and other stakeholders to implement a strong tobacco control law. Other low- and middle-income countries can adapt these lessons from Nepal to achieve effective implementation of their laws.
BHATTA, D. N. et al. Defending comprehensive tobacco control policy implementation in Nepal from tobacco industry interference (2011-2018). Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, Reino Unido, v. xx, n. xx, p. 1-10, abr. 2020.
Dois artigos de autoria de grandes grupos diversos (incluindo vários entusiastas do cigarro eletrônico que apoiaram empresas como a Juul), acabaram de concluir que os cigarros eletrônicos não ajudam as pessoas a parar de fumar. Ainda mais importante, os cigarros eletrônicos substituíram as terapias aprovadas pela FDA para a cessação do tabagismo e as pessoas que usam cigarros eletrônicos nas tentativas de parar são mais propensas a continuar usando cigarros eletrônicos mais tarde do que as pessoas que usam as terapias convencionais.
GLANTZ, Stanton. Dois grandes estudos nacionais mostram que os cigarros eletrônicos não ajudam os fumantes a parar de fumar, mas podem se tornar viciados em vapores. Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, Estados Unidos, 3set. 2020. Disponível em: https://tobacco.ucsf.edu/two-big-national-studies-show-e-cigarettes-won%.... Acesso em: 7 maio 2021.
O cardiologista Stanton Glantz afirmou que o governo brasileiro é um exemplo pelas políticas públicas que conduziu para desestimular o consumo de cigarros. Também alertou sobre as pressões atuais para a autorização da venda de cigarros eletrônicos. Neste momento, o assunto está em discussão na Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa).
CONTAIFER, Juliana. “Brasil é exemplo no combate ao fumo”, diz especialista internacional. Metrópoles, Brasília, 4 set. 2019.Disponível em: https://www.metropoles.com/saude/brasil-e-exemplo-no-combate-ao-fumo-diz.... Acesso em: 29 mar. 2021.
Since e-cigarettes appeared in the mid-2000s, some practitioners, researchers, and policy makers have embraced them as a safer alternative to conventional cigarettes and an effective way to stop smoking. While e-cigarettes deliver lower levels of carcinogens than do conventional cigarettes, they still expose users to high levels of ultrafine particles and other toxins that may substantially increase cardiovascular and noncancer lung disease risks, which account for more than half of all smoking-caused deaths, at rates similar to conventional cigarettes. Moreover, rather than stimulating smokers to switch from conventional cigarettes to less dangerous e-cigarettes or quitting altogether, e-cigarettes are reducing smoking cessation rates and expanding the nicotine market by attracting youth.
GLANTZ, Stanton; BAREHAM, David. E-Cigarettes: Use, Effects on Smoking, Risks, and Policy Implications. Annual Review of Public Health, Estados Unidos, v. 39, p. 215-235, 2018. Disponível em: https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013757. Acesso em: 7 abr. 2021.